Showing posts with label King. Show all posts
Showing posts with label King. Show all posts

Friday, June 2, 2023

Charles King and Anna Levers.... Life in St. Austell Cornwall......







 These small dishes made the journey with Anna Levers King from Cornwall to America on the Majestic in 1894.  They came in the bottom of her trunk. There are six of each pattern.  They must have been of sentimental value to her; a reminder of home. 
 In the possession of Margaret Hansen Boothby. 

 
The marriage certificate of Charles and Anna King (original in the family collection).

   On the 20th of January, 1887,  23 year old Charles John King married 24 year old Anna Levers in the United Methodist Chapel in the Eastern Hill area of St. Austell, Cornwall.  The chapel's  official title  was the United Methodist Free Church, East Hill. 


 Left  hand side enlarged. 


 Right hand side enlarged. 

  The chapel is no longer standing, but was located somewhere in the East Hill neighborhood, possibly near the junction of East Hill and Eastbourne Road. The chapel was most likely a small and unassuming stone building, perhaps similar to the Bridge United Methodist Free Church of 1881, pictured below. 
 

Bridge United Methodist Free Church Clifden Road St. Austell, England
 Flickr image credited to Cornwall Memory 


  Anna and her family attended the East Hill Chapel as early as 1878.  This was one of Anna's books she brought with her to America.  It was given to her as a reward when she was 16 years old. 





 Christie Redfern's Troubles was printed in London by William Clowes and sons, Stamford Street and Charing Cross for the Religious Tract Society.  I could not find a publishing date in the book, which is now falling apart and in very fragile condition.  It may have been published in 1866. In the family collection. 
This book was brought to America  in Anna's trunk.  She and my great grandmother Emma Lavinia came on the ship Majestic in 1894. 




This is Anna's copy of the 1878 Methodist Hymnal, published by Nelson & Phillips in New York. At the time it was the official hymnal of the Methodist Church, and included 308 Charles Wesley titles and 29 John Wesley titles. She may have had this in her possession when she boarded the Majestic in 1894, or may have acquired it after she came to the U.S. 



"O For a Thousand Tongues to Sing";  the poem was written by Charles Wesley around 1740 to commemorate his renewal of faith after a time of extreme doubt. It was set to the tune Azmon written by Carl Glaser.  It is the first hymn in this hymnal. 



The Levers sisters
 St. Austell, Cornwall, England
iPhone photo of the original taken by Patti Alden 2023


 

Back of photograph.  The surname Michell comes up in King family Devonport research.  I do not know if this Michell & Michell studio has any connection to the King family.  

  The picture above was shared by JoanK; I have dated it to right around 1876 from the style of clothing and from when Elfreda married  John George and left Cornwall (1876).  It shows Lavinia Caroline Levers (left) around the age of 18, Elfreda (sitting) around the age of 25 and Anna Levers (right) around the age of 14.  These were the three Levers sisters.  They lived with their parents Francis Levers and Emma Craze Levers on Carvath Road.  Francis was a cooper and a grocer. 

 Francis Levers 
St. Austell, Cornwall, England
b. 1816 d. 25 January 1885
Francis had passed away before Charles and Anna were married. 
Picture shared by JoanK.

  
St. Austell maps


   This map is from 1880 and shows the relationship of Holy Trinity Church (top left) to East Hill and what was Carvath Road at that time.  Carvath Road was later named Eastbourne Road.  The area between East Hill and Carvath Road was called Carvath and was listed as such on the 1881 Census.  The Methodist Chapel looks like it was near the junction of East Hill and Carvath/ later Eastbourne Road. 



   You can see the imposing medieval tower of the Holy Trinity Church (the parish church of St. Austell/Church of England). This picture was taken from East Hill.  The church itself is from the 15th century and was restored in 1872From the Francis Firth Collection



Overlay map of above map and a fairly recent satellite image.   Some green spaces remained the same, but you can see the amount of building that occurred changing the rural landscape over time.
 


   Witnesses to the marriage were Lavinia Levers (one of Anna's sisters) and George P. Bunt.  George Petherick Bunt can be found in the 1881 English Census. He  was living on East Street and was working as a solicitor's clerk.  He would have been 25 years old when he witnessed the marriage.   When Lavinia and her husband Harry Trist died in 1936 and 1937 an Alfred James Bunt was listed as solicitor clerk in their index of wills.  I could not  find a connection to Geo. P. Bunt, but the two men may have been related and had the same occupation. 

  George P. Bunt must have been a friend of Anna's as he wrote in her autograph book, which also came over on the Majestic....



 Anna Levers King
Autograph Book (in the family collection). 


Signature of George Petherick Bunt, witness to Anna's marriage to Charles John King in 1887.  Date of this entry is unknown. 

  

 C. J King, R. E. also signed Anna's autograph book! There is no date attached to the entry, but it must have been while he was still with the Royal Engineers. He left the army in the late spring of  1886. 


These Medal and Award Rolls were shared with me by the author of Pharaoh, David Gibbons, in 2022, and were much appreciated! 


 Can you find Sapper King, C.J.? 


Top of above form, enlarged. 


 
 Charles King must have seemed very dapper and exciting to Anna after his service in the British Army and his trip up the Nile in 1884-1886. They were married shortly after he came back from Egypt. His Nile Expedition adventure and pictures of his medals can be found in a separate blog; see the right sidebar for the link to My Trip to Egypt and Back.... 


  I don't know how or when Charles and Anna met; they were most likely second cousins so may have known of each other or visited family back and forth from Devon to Cornwall before his service.  They shared John Levers and Catherine Rowett from Cornwall as great grandparents.  I am still working on proving this relationship.  Charles' sister Laura and his father William King had moved to St. Austell sometime between the 1881 and 1891 censuses and were also living on Carvath Road just a short distance away from the Levers. 
 
 Emma Lavinia King 


 Emma Lavinia King was born April 13th 1888 in St. Austell Cornwall. My great grandmother! 




  The 1891 England Census shows that Emma Levers (Anna's mother) was living as head of household with her middle daughter Lavinia (oldest daughter Elfreda had married John George in 1876 and was in Grass Valley by this time), her youngest daughter Anna Levers King and her son-in-law Charles King.   My great grandmother Emma was 3 years old. 

   Emma Levers was a grocer; her husband Francis was a cooper/grocer as early as the 1871 census, and they were on Carvath Lane at that time.  After Francis' death in 1885 Emma continued to run the grocery store. Daughter Lavinia worked as a tailoress and was 32 years old.  Charles worked as a builder/contractor.  The Carvath Lane name was changed to Eastbourne Road by 1911 when Lavinia was living there with her husband Harry Trist and they continued to run the grocery store. Emma Levers passed away in 1899. 



Photograph on cardboard of the Eastbourne Road grocery store.  These pictures were with Anna King's belongings. 



Picture enlarged.  This was taken in the early 1900's from the style of clothing. I am not sure if these are the Trists or not......


A postcard of the Eastbourne Road grocery store.  A set of different people are out front. Written on the back: "These are the pictures Uncle Harry sent me so please send them back when you & papa see's them".

Written in Emma's handwriting to her mother Anna? Harry Trist passed away in 1937 so this was written sometime before then. 



Another postcard picture.  This appears to be a side or  back entrance? Unknown woman. No writing on the back of this one.





 I have shared these pictures before; they were in with Anna King's belongings and pictures.  They are of the Eastbourne Road grocery store.  It is most likely the store that belonged to the Levers and Trists.  The top picture was also shared on the Facebook site St. Austell History Group, so there are copies of that version in circulation.  The current location looks like this:



Google Street View 2021


Harry and Lavinia (Levers) Trist were married in 1897.

  In the 1891 Census Charles King's sister Laura was living with their father William King and were the 155th household enumerated on Carvath Lane.  The Levers and Kings were the 137th household enumerated on Carvath Lane, so they were in close proximity to each other. 

 
Emma Lavinia King aged 2 1/2 years.  This was taken a few months before the 1891 Census. 
  

An enlarged copy of the above original.  


  In 1892 Laura King married Richard Corey and they were living on Eastbourne Road by the 1901 census with three children.  They were living several doors down from the Trists who were running the grocery store.  They may have lived on Eastbourne Road at the time of Emma's birth; she would have had  doting aunts, uncles and cousins within walking distance! 



 Emma Lavinia King with unknown girl; she may have been a cousin or a daughter of a family friend. Taken around 1894. 


   Since his discharge from the army, Charles King worked to get his builder/contractor business off the ground in St. Austell.  His apprenticeship with his father and his time spent with the Royal Engineers prepared him for a career as a builder.  He also became a master woodworker. 

 
A blank invoice from Charles King's  business. He wrote parts of his memoirs of his trip to Egypt on the backs of these blank pages. 


  Unhappily, by April of 1894 Charles King  found himself a victim of poor financial and business  decisions  and as a result he was declared a bankrupt by the Truro Bankruptcy Court.  He felt he was not in the wrong, but he also decided that his only recourse was to leave the country under disguise and move to America. You can read more about the mystery surrounding these chain of events in this previous post from July 4, 2021 The Mystery is Solved....Bankruptcy At St. Austell and Claims By the Relatives .   The complete transcription of his journal describing his trip to America can be found in the post from January 24, 2023.   Anna and Emma's  separate trip aboard the  Majestic  is described in this previous post from July 11, 2021 Anna and Emma King Took a Protracted Sojourn on the Majestic to Begin a New Life in California.  Or just click on the links for Charles J. King  and Anna King on the right sidebar. 

  With the decision to go to America and start fresh Charles and Anna's life in St. Austell was over.  But, they always kept in touch with family members, snipped stories of the Royals out of the newspapers, and sent postcards back and forth. Many Cornish traditions were passed down in California as well as an ongoing practice of faith through membership in the Methodist Church.  They made the best of their new lives and Charles became a successful builder in both San Francisco and Grass Valley, California. 

  Even though Charles and Anna lived most of their lives in and around San Francisco, their time in Grass Valley made a lasting impression on my great grandmother, which in turn  gave me my link to all things Cornish.  

  

Relationship Reference:  Me->Margaret Hansen Boothby->Margaret Elizabeth Hayes Hansen->Emma Lavinia King Hayes Van Duzer->Charles King and Anna Levers King


Tuesday, January 24, 2023

Charles John King ......."Having Referance to My Trip to America"


  Having Referance (reference) to My Trip to America


 After making full preparation which lasted several days & employing all the female skill that we were in possession of at home. The day of departure  eventually arrived for my final farewell to all things that I had become familiar with at home and according my own wish I determined to break the trying ordeal of parting with those friends who had become dear to my heart. I had been timed to leave home at 3 o clock pm on Thursday April 26th 1894, up to this time I had kept from my Darling child as far as possible the secret of my departure from her & in order to carry this out we had arranged to send her away to a friends house with her great aunt to spend the afternoon. I shall remember for a great while that last kiss, she came to me full...

....full of childish (innocence?) to say goodbye not knowing that on her return in the evening her father would be many miles away, her dissapointment (sic)  no doubt will be told  to me on the first occasion that I receive a letter from my Darling wife...As nearly as possible to the time appointed I reluctantly & with tears took my parting with Mother & sister & with my wife (began?) the journey on foot for a short distance...for it had been arranged previously that we should be picked up about 2 miles from home by a waggonet(t) that had been  previously ordered to drive us to Lostwithiel with a friend & my luggage that walk being the last I had taken with my wife at home...I shall remember it for a very long time. Having been overtaken as appointed we were not long making the distance to Lostwithiel...We were very kindly entertained for the time we were waiting by a friend & it was here that...
 I took my parting with my wife.  Of all the partinings this was the most heartrending that had taken place between us during the whole time we had been married, for events had not called upon us to separate for long together but now through no fault of our own we were called upon to wrench ourselves asunder.  God knoweth the hearts of all men & I trust that day when he cometh to judge the quick and the dead, that it will be found that I had done what I could to avert the calamity that had overtaken us.  I think it wise to dwell no longer on the events that transpired at this time.  They are treasured up in our hearts & come what may nothing can erase them whilst we are separated & I trust when the time of our reunion arrives...I left Lostwithiel  by the 6:57 pm train to Bristol & arrived at North road Plymouth...I found it necessary to change carriages & shortly resumed my journey to Bristol where I arrived...
...at about 12:35 am from which place I rebooked to Liverpool but by some mistake due to the booking clerk I discovered on arrival at Birmingham by the Midland Railway about 4'30" am that because my ticket was via Birmingham L.N.W. (London North Western?) I was doomed to wait at Birmingham 1 1/2 hours which time I whilst in going around Birmingham that part which lies in the vicinity of the Railway station & from what I saw I should say that it was a very nice place, although I was struck with the number of offices that were apparently idle which I thought did not look very healthy for business in the city...I left Birmingham at 6 o clock am & after a run of about 4 hours through very fine country arrived at Liverpool (Lime St) about 10 am...I had my luggage put in the cloakroom & had a wash & brush up in the lavatory of the station for which I paid 2 (?) & was very...
...much benefitted thereby...My next exploit was to find Messers Fairburn Martin and Fleets establishment, the brokers with whome I had booked my passage which did not prove altogether an easy task for it seemed to me as though no one knew where they lived.  On my way however I called into a barber shop & had a shave which if my wife could seen me when I came out would have said disfigured me.  I however felt that recognition under the circumstances would be more difficult hence my object in doing it...I had at length reached the place that I had been in search of & was relieved of my few traps for the time being & after enquiring after the ship, the Alaska of the Guiron Line I took a walk down around the docks & wharfe...The ship was then lying off in the river taking in cargo & coal & was looking in pretty good trim...Nothing particular of note ocurred whilst I was in Liverpool except I wrote a letter to my wife in which I told her of my safe arrival...
...at Liverpool in the evening of the same day several men from Cornwall arrived by train 3 men & two lads was going out by the same ship whilst one other man & a woman & child was going by the "Umbria" of the Cunard Line.  I found that this person with her child was traveling to Los Angeles in Lower California & seeing that our interest was so identical it was agreed that we should meet again in New York & commence the journey overland together. The three Cornishmen before alluded to were disposed to the same room in the ship as myself. On the following morning we were (?) early & breakfasted at about 8 o clock in preparation for embarking which was to take place at 9 am but although we were on the pier at the time appointed we found that wait was the order so that by the time we got on board it was quite 11 oclock but even then the cargo was not all in & so it proved to be 4 oclock before we left our anchorage. Dinner was...
...served up on board at about (1 ?) o clock which consisted of soup roast beef or  mutton & rice pudding vegetables.  Shortly after (?) pulling anchor & getting under way the Umbria was seen to be moving & although we began our journey at a fairly good pace it was not long before the Umbria passed us on her way to Queenstown.  Tea was provided on board at 5 o clock & consisted of corned beef bread & butter pickles & marmalade. Supper at 9 pm of biscuits & cheese.  I retired at about 9.30 pm & was aroused for breakfast before seven as we were nearing Queenstown I expect on Sunday morning we did not however arrive here until about 12 am & we found that the Umbria had not yet left but at about 12 45 pm she went out of harbour we took on board passengers at Queenstown chiefly steerage although a few were second...(steerage passengers vs. second class passengers) I think our compliment of second was fairly complete. We left Queenstown of Sunday April 29th at about 1 pm and between 4 & 5 hours later we lost sight completely...

 ...of the coast of Ireland and consequently Great Britain.  During the evening many of the passengers were sea sick but although I felt very queer I managed to get to bed that night without sickness.  About 9 pm on Sunday we had for dinner roast fowel  & mutton & vegetables & for tea meat & pickles butter and marmalade.  On Monday April 30th I got up about 7. 30 & was very sick & continued so all day & was unabled to take any food...We passed two steamers one homeward bound & one outward bound. At 1 oclock the log was taken & it was found that we had travelled 356 miles from Queenstown in less than 24 hours.  I retired shortly after five having attempted to eat a small portion of food but was unable to...On Tuesday May 1st I awoke very much better than when I retired on the previous night...I ate a small breakfast, after which....                                                                                           
...I went on deck and remained there all the morning. We had dinner at 12 oclock of roast pork or beefsteak pie cabbage & potatoes soup, & rice & rhubarb.  We passed a large sailing ship about 4 oclock homeward bound & in full sail, the log was taken & it was found that we had travelled 368 miles since the previous day at one oclock.  After tea we passed another large sailing ship homeward bound...I retired about 7.30. On Wednesday May 2nd I got up about 7.30...the weather was a little rougher than on the previous day & the day began with sea sickness with many of the passengers. I ate a little breakfast of coffee & bread & butter & went on deck where I remained until dinner time...Nothing of note occured (sic), dinner was soup roast beef potatos (sic) & mashed turnip & rice pudding & current cake...at one oclock the log was taken & it was found that we had travelled 375 miles. The wind...

...has been blowing very strong from the S.W. & the sea is rougher than it has been since leaving England.  Nothing noteworthy has taken place today beyond several (steerage?) passengers being sea sick...I had tea at 5 oclock & after spending 2 or 3 hours on the deck I deemed advisable to return which I did at nearly 8 oclock feeling rather poorly & was terribly afraid I should be bad through the night but I thank God was not...Thursday morning after rather a rough night I arise just after seven it had been smart rain just an hour or so before...I went down to breakfast of boiled eggs or pork chops.  I ate a little bread & butter & drank a small quantity of coffee but was too bad to stay long at the table long so in a very few minutes was on deck again where I remained all the morning...I have been slightly sick twice...

...although not very much  yet I feel bad. I read my scripture lesson portion as I always manage & have also read the first ten chapters of Hebrews together with other scrap gleanings from the word. I was unable to go down to dinner today although rabbit & roast mutton was the fare today. I shall feel heartily thankful when I arrive in New York for it seems to me that almost anything on land is better than the monotony of life on board ship. I have been thinking a great deal about my darling wife & child & I have concluded that it will be very much better for them when they come to take passage on a fast boat for it seems to one that to save a day only of this dreary monotonous life is a distinct gain.  About 12 30 pm we passed a large steamer on the north side of us, she was homeward bound & I believe belong to the Allen (sp. Allan) Line probably returning from Canada. The weather continued rough throughout the afternoon & it was with difficulty that I kept myself from... 

...being sea sick. As it was I was very far from being well.  At 5 oclock I went below for tea but was unable to do justice although I had scarcely anything for the day...I ate a small piece of cold beef & bread & a scone & marmalade.  I went on deck again & read the remaining chapters of the Epistle to the Hebrews & commenced to read the Epistle to James. Our ship up to 1 oclock had traveled 358 miles so that we had covered more than half the journey on the sea. I sat on deck until after 8 oclock when I retired feeling very poorley (sic); but was not properly sick.  I took 2 doses of Belladonna during the day & I think that tended to revive me.  On Friday May 4th I woke early & was feeling very much better & was up before 7 oclock & went on deck...the sea was much calmer but it was a thick...

...fog & a pelter of rain & did not look up to much for a pleasant day.  I however walked the deck listening to the fog horn & watching the changing atmosphere which however did not prove uninteresting.  I saw many species of flying fish spring up out of the sea & flying for some distance...they did not however raise very high above the surface of the sea. I should think they were from 6 to 9 in long & had the appearance of large swallows flying close to the water. At 8 oclock I came down to breakfast & for the first time for several days I ate a fairly good meal.  Beef steak & salt herrings was the fare... I did not quite understand what was said so I ordered herring but soon discovered that it was not to my taste & I immediately set the mistake right by ordering a piece of steak which with some boiled potatoes with their jackets I ate with relish &
 ...enjoyed  a good breakfast... 
hot rools (rolls?) & butter & coffee being the accompaniment ...how quickly one is able to tell a change in the weather at sea for when it is a bit rough the table is scantily full but this morning many turned up for the first meal. The fog continued on without much abatement & so the hours up to noon passed without incident of any kind.  Consequent upon the fog the air became much colder & people were hanging about in the saloon more than I had seen them on any other day.  Today we had for dinner boiled beef or fish soup potatoes turnip & rice & rhubarb.  I may say that this is a peculiarity I had not seen any where except on this ship...Boiled rice & stewed rhubarb the two are very nice together & invaribly (sic) when rice is served up a small light pastry is served somewhat in the shape of a very small rool (roll?). 
  ...The ship run today 365 miles...  The fog continued nearly all day & the fog horn was kept going nearly all the time.  Tea was served up as usual at 5 oclock which consisted of much the same fare.  There was nothing else of consequence took place & I went to bed about 9.30...On Saturday I got up at about 6 45 am...It being a splendid morning...  The fog cleared up late the night before & the sea was beautifully calm & the sky clear with a distant (?) on two ships passed early in the morning before breakfast...Breakfast was served at 7.30 am consisting of beef steak or minced collops potatoes bread butter coffee & c. (cream). The morning was passed very pleasantly in promading (promenading?) the upper deck & conversation.  We also passed a fine steamer going homeward & dinner...

...was served at 12 oclock at noon...Today it consisted of roast beef potatoes parsnips or sea pie & vegetable with rices & stewed prunes as dessert...soup as usual first.  The weather remained clear & beautiful all the afternoon although toward evening a slight breeze from the NW with a very little sea sprung up. A large steamship passed on the north side of us homeward bound.  Tea at 5 oclock of corned beef cold roast beef bread butter pickles marmalade and c. (cream). Toward night expectation was high as to the probability of the passing of the Lucania of the Cunard Line homeward  bound (bound crossed out)  which was timed to leave New York at 6 am but no sight or sign of her appeared up to 9 pm.  Supper was served at 9 pm of biscuits & cheese...at 9 30 I retired...
    ...Sunday May 7th at 6 30 am I began to arouse & was up at about 7 am after dressing & cleaning went on deck tho, the weather was fine, but a dense fog had set in during the night & the fog horne (sic) was kept constantly blowing as a warning to approaching vessels, several pelt (?) boats were in the vicinity although we were now over 300 miles from New York, but being so far from land, none was taken on board.  The Lucania was supposed to have passed us during the night some time but I don't think she was sighted. We had breakfast at about 8 am which consisted of bacon & eggs or beef steak bread butter boiled potatoes & coffee. Nothing of consequence transpired during the morning but the conversation was in the main upon the subject of our arrival in New York, & this...

...was sufficiant (sic) with many to fill up a good bit of spare time...Dinner at 12 noon of soup boiled fowel or roast beef potatoes sauce bread & plum pudding... after dinner I walked about on deck for an hour or so & layed down on my berth & slept for a couple of hours as the weather was so cold & damp that there was no inducement offered to move about on deck. We had several showers of rain during the day...our run was given as 379 miles & also at 390 miles but I cannot say which was correct but however it leaves us with a little over 200 miles to run which ought to be done by the early morning. Tea at 5 oclock of corned beef cold roast beef bread butter pickles marmalade...
 

...current buns & tea.  This I anticipate will be the last tea I shall take on the ship but do not know what may transpire ere another 24 hours passes.  






*********************************


 And here we come to the end of Charles King's journey to America from England in the spring of 1894.  He disembarked from the Alaska in New York and made his way to San Francisco, California.  Several months later he was reunited with his wife Anna and his daughter Emma after they made the voyage over on the Majestic. Thank you PamM for initially transcribing Charles King's writings and sharing the original manuscript.  

 Relationship Reference:  Me->Margaret Hansen Boothby
->Margaret (Betty) Hayes Hansen->Emma Lavinia King Hayes Van Duzer->Charles J. King

Did you know? 


Minced Collops

Meat and Meat Dishes
Historic

Minced beef with onion and seasonings. The word 'collop', in use from at least the 14th to the late 19th Centuries refers to a cut piece of meat, ready for cooking as the modern 'steak' or 'rasher'. The use, in these two receipts, to indicate a very finely cut, or minced, meat, is unusual and seems to occur only in Northern England and the Borders.



http://www.foodsofengland.co.uk/mincedcollops.htm


Original Receipt in 'English Housewifry' by Elizabeth Moxon, 1764 (Moxon 1764)

454. To make MINC'D COLLOPS.
Take two or three pounds of any tender parts of beef, (according as you would have the dish in bigness) cut it small as you would do minc'd veal; take an onion, shred it small, and fry it a light brown, in butter seasoned with nutmeg, pepper and salt, and put it into your pan with your onion, and fry it a little whilst it be a light brown; then put to it a jill of good gravy, and a spoonful of walnut pickle, or a little catchup; put in a few shred capers or mushrooms, thicken it up with a little flour and butter; if you please you may put in a little juice of lemon; when you dish it up, garnish your dish with pickle; and a few forc'd-meat-balls.
It is proper for either side-dish or top-dish.




Original Receipt from 'Lancashire Evening Post' - Wednesday 23 October 1935

MINCED COLLOPS

Required; 1 lb minced fresh beef, one very small onion, salt and pepper, some white stock, a dessertspoonful of oatmeal.

Bring a little good dripping to boiling point, and put in the onion, finely minced. Cook for a minute or two, but do not let it get too brown. Put in the meat and beat until all the lumps Into which it may form are smooth; then add the stock, and the salt and pepper, cover and simmer very gently for about an hour, stirring it now and then. Then put in the oatmeal (to thicken it) and cook until you judge that this is done. Many people use water instead of stock, because the meat makes its own stock as it cooks. In Scotland this is always served with a border of boiled rice, and oatmeal Is not Inevitable. You can omit it if you like. The rice, when ready, should be rather grainy and dry.